Example of Translation Procedure

Example of Translation Procedure

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

• Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

            Example          
             1. Modem = modem
             2. Laptop = laptop

• Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example         

 1.gear = gir

 2.bus= bis

• Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example          

1.April fool = April mop

2.pedicab = becak

• Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example

1.sorban = kopiah

2.puppet = wayang

• Descriptive equivalent:in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example

1.Panettone = the traditional cookies from Italy that we can eat in every new year party

2.Lothek = the traditional foods from Java that’s made by peanut sauce and boiled vegetables

• Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example

1.Handsome = goodloking

2.Right = true, child = kid

• Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example
1. First name = nama depan

2. Extra time = tambahan waktu

• Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

Example

1. Good day = hari yang indah

2. Badluck = sial

• Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

Example

1.Youre going to have a son = anda akan jadi ayah

            2.The baby was born premature = bayi itu lahir prematur

• Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

Example

1.United Kingdom = Britannia

2.UNO = PBB

• Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

Example

             1.You have my word = janji

2.have a good time ! = bersenang-senanglah !

• Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example  
1. Thanks giving = perayaan sebagai wujud rasa terimakasih, biasanya dilakukan pada kamis terakhir di bulan November di negara Amerika. 

2. Halloween = malam pada tanggal 31 oktober dimana anak anak memakai  kostum seram dan mengunjungi rumah rumah untuk mengumpulkan permen.

• Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example

1.menu (menu) = transference and naturalization 

2.data (data) = transference and naturalization

• Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example

1. phobia = ketakutan akan suatu hal

2. offside = suatu pelanggaran posisi permainan dalam sepakbola